T細胞 and B 細胞
⭕️ 為什麼AZ疫苗產生的抗體量似乎不高,卻在真實世界的保護力跟莫德納輝瑞BNT不相上下?
因為對疾病的保護力不能只看抗體效價。抗體效價反應的是B細胞對抗疾病的能力(體液免疫),但你體內的殺手T細胞 一樣是對抗病毒的重要細胞免疫。
⭕️ 接種新冠疫苗免疫力能維持多久,抗體量不是唯一的決定因素。疫苗接種後,會激活兩種重要的白血球:
1⃣️ B漿細胞:體液免疫。
主要功能是產生抗體,但它們壽命不長,初次接種疫苗幾週後開始在體內產生大量抗體,如果不注射第二劑疫苗的話,抗體數量會銳減。這就是體液免疫。
2⃣️ T細胞:細胞免疫。
T細胞成熟後分化成不同的效應亞型(CD4+/CD8+ T cells),能識別和殺死不同的病原,有助於清除被病毒感染的細胞,其中一種叫記憶T細胞(memory T cells),在體內可以存活幾十年,誘導長期免疫保護力,這意味著有些疫苗可能會產生終身免疫。也就是所謂的細胞免疫。
✅ 牛津大學最近在「自然免疫學」(Nature Immunology)期刊發表的研究指出,接種AZ疫苗即使抗體消失,疫苗中的腺病毒(adenovirus)會驅使 fibroblastic stromal cells,強化體內細胞毒性T細胞(cytotoxic CD8+ T cells)的「記憶膨脹」(memory inflation)作用,產生長期免疫反應,甚至對抗新的變種病毒。
參考資料:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-00969-3
圖片:https://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/5/49/eabd6160

Adenovirus vector vaccination reprograms... - Nature Immunology

Ludewig and colleagues show that adenovirus immunization fosters the formation of pulmonary immune-stimulating niches underpinned by fibroblastic stromal cells that maintain...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-00969-3

SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity: Specificity, function, durability, and role in protection

In efforts to synthesize a clear understanding of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) protective immunity, antibody analysis has been paralleled by T cell studies across asymp

https://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/5/49/eabd6160
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Lopi mark this message contains personal perspective
originally written by Lopi
本文引用的資訊類似刊登在 Nature 期刊 2021/7/1 News:Mix-and-match COVID vaccines: the case is growing, but questions remain. 參考[1][2]
(1) AZ疫苗強項在激發T細胞反應,而 #mRNA疫苗強項在激發抗體。
(2) #抗體 的強項在於「#預防感染」,而 #T細胞 的強項在於「#感染後預防重症」
(3) 在「#免疫功能抑制」的病患,例如器官移植者,促進「#T細胞免疫」的疫苗組合,會是比較優勢的選擇.

Opinion Sources

[1] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01805-2
[2] (cofacts) https://cofacts.g0v.tw/article/csiylldob8gg

Mix-and-match COVID vaccines: the case is growing, but questions remain - Nature

A slew of studies suggests that mixing vaccines provokes potent immune responses, but scientists still want answers on real-world efficacy and rare side effects.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01805-2

#AZ疫苗 有個 #非常奇怪 的現象,之前讓我不太理解: 明明 #中和抗體的數值不高(疫苗/康復者血清的比值只有0.54,遠低於其他BNT/Moderna/Novavax),然而在真實世界,#AZ的保⋯⋯ | Cofacts 真的假的

https://cofacts.g0v.tw/article/csiylldob8gg

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